Spatial patterns of prematurity and its determinants in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010-2019 / Padrões espaciais da prematuridade e seus determinantes na região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2010-2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze spatial distribution of preterm births and their association with maternal, social, and health services indicators in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010-2019. Methods: Ecological study using data on preterm newborns from 39 municipalities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Univariate global Moran's index (Im) was used to evaluate spatial association of prematurity, and univariate local Moran's index by using the cluster map (LISA) to identify spatial patterns and clusters. Bivariate global Moran's index was also used to analyze spatial autocorrelation with maternal, social, and health services indicators. Results: A total of 3,103,898 live births were registered in period 2010-2019, of which 331,174 (10.7%) were preterm. The global Moran's index showed spatial independence (Im=0.05; p-value=0.233) of the proportion of preterm births between municipalities. However, in the local spatial analysis it was possible to identify a statistically significant spatial cluster between the municipalities of Biritiba Mirim, Guararema and Salesópolis, with high proportions of preterm births. In the bivariate analysis, a significant positive spatial association was identified with proportions of mothers under 20 years old (Im=0.17; p-value=0.024) and mothers with low schooling (Im=0.17; p-value=0.020), and a significant negative spatial association with HDI (Im=-0.14; p-value=0.039). Conclusions: The local spatial approach identified a spatial cluster located in the far east of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, where actions by health managers are needed to minimize occurrence of preterm births.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial dos nascimentos prematuros e sua associação com indicadores maternos, sociais e de serviços de saúde na região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2010-2019. Métodos: Estudo ecológico utilizando dados sobre recém-nascidos pré-termo dos 39 municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o índice de Moran (Im) global univariado para avaliar a associação espacial da prematuridade, e o índice de Moran local univariado por meio do mapa de clusters (LISA) para a identificação de padrões e aglomerados espaciais. Também foi utilizado o índice de Moran global bivariado para analisar a autocorrelação espacial com os indicadores maternos, sociais e de serviços de saúde. Resultados: Foram registrados 3.103.898 nascidos vivos no período 2010-2019, dos quais 331.174 (10,7%) foram prematuros. O índice de Moran global mostrou independência espacial (Im=0,05; p-valor=0,233) da proporção dos nascimentos prematuros entre municípios. No entanto, na análise espacial local foi possível identificar aglomerado espacial estatisticamente significativo entre os municípios de Biritiba Mirim, Guararema e Salesópolis, com proporções altas de nascimentos pré-termo. Na análise bivariada, identificou-se associação espacial significativa positiva com proporções de mães menores de 20 anos (Im=0,17; p-valor=0,024) e mães com baixa escolaridade (Im=0,17; p-valor=0,020), e associação espacial significativa negativa com IDH (Im=-0,14; p-valor=0,039). Conclusão: A abordagem espacial local identificou agrupamento espacial situado no extremo leste da região metropolitana de São Paulo, onde ações dos gestores de saúde são necessárias para minimizar a ocorrência de partos prematuros.

Gestações e nascimentos em tempos de COVID-19 / Embarazos y nacimientos en tiempos de COVID-19 / Pregnancies and births in times of COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo Identificar o perfil de nascimentos das gestações de mulheres com acesso à internet que cursaram com a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 e seus desfechos. Métodos Estudo transversal integrado a uma coorte prospectiva, com coleta entre agosto de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022, baseado nas respostas de 304 mulheres que tiveram gestações e/ou partos durante o período pandêmico. Resultados Do total, 25,7% das entrevistadas tiveram COVID-19, com predomínio de diagnósticos no terceiro trimestre. Queixas de anosmia, fadiga e cefaleia prevaleceram como relacionados à infecção. As variáveis: utilizar o Sistema Único de Saúde para atendimento (p = 0,084); diabetes gestacional (p = 0,141); baixo peso de nascimento (p = 0,117); necessidade de internação em unidade neonatal (p = 0,120) foram inseridas no modelo de regressão por terem valores de p inferiores a 0,20. A variável referente ao tipo de parto (p=1,000) foi inserida no modelo por se tratar de uma variável de interesse e com descrição de relevância na literatura. A prematuridade foi a única variável que apresentou associação estatística com a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 durante a gestação (p = 0,008) na análise bivariada, explicando o desfecho da infecção na gestação (<0,001), comprovado no modelo de Regressão Robusta de Poisson. Conclusão Observou-se alta prevalência de COVID-19 na amostra, com variação de sintomas e predomínio de partos operatórios. No entanto, a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 explicou apenas a maior ocorrência de nascimentos prematuros.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar el perfil de nacimientos de los embarazos de mujeres con acceso a internet que lo cursaron con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y sus desenlaces. Métodos Estudio transversal integrado a una cohorte prospectiva, con recopilación entre agosto de 2021 y febrero de 2022, basado en las respuestas de 304 mujeres que tuvieron embarazos o partos durante el período pandémico. Resultados Del total, el 25,7 % de las entrevistadas tuvieron COVID-19, con predominio de diagnósticos en el tercer trimestre. Prevalecieron quejas de anosmia, fatiga y cefalea como relacionadas a la infección. Las variables utilización del Sistema Único de Salud para atención (p = 0,084), diabetes gestacional (p = 0,141), bajo peso de nacimiento (p = 0,117), necesidad de internación en unidad neonatal (p = 0,120) se introdujeron en el modelo de regresión por tener valores de p inferiores a 0,20. Se introdujo la variable relacionada al tipo de parto (p = 1,000) en el modelo por tratarse de una variable de interés y con descripción de relevancia en la literatura. La prematuridad fue la única variable que presentó asociación estadística con la infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el embarazo (p = 0,008) en el análisis bivariado, lo que explica el desenlace de la infección en el embarazo (>0,001), comprobado en el modelo de regresión robusta de Poisson. Conclusión Se observó alta prevalencia de COVID-19 en la muestra, con variación de síntomas y predominio de partos operatorios. Sin embargo, la infección por SARS-CoV-2 explicó solamente la mayor incidencia de nacimientos prematuros.

Abstract Objective Identify the profile of births of pregnancies of women with internet access who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and their outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional study integrated into a prospective cohort, with collection between August 2021 and February 2022, based on the responses of 304 women who had pregnancies and/or deliveries during the pandemic period. Results Of the total, 25.7% of the interviewees had COVID-19, with a predominance of diagnoses in the third quarter. Complaints of anosmia, fatigue and headache prevailed as related to the infection. The variables using the Unified Health System for care (p = 0.084); gestational diabetes (p = 0.141); low birth weight (p = 0.117); need for admission to a neonatal unit (p = 0.120) were included in the regression model because they had p values lower than 0.20. The variable referring to the type of delivery (p=1.000) was inserted in the model because it is a variable of interest and with a description of relevance in the literature. Prematurity was the only variable that was statistically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy (p = 0.008) in the bivariate analysis, explaining the outcome of infection during pregnancy (<0.001), confirmed in the Poisson Robust Regression model. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of COVID-19 in the sample, with varying symptoms and a predominance of operative deliveries. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection only explained the higher occurrence of premature births.

Relação entre a condição bucal de gestantes internadas e desfechos adversos na gestação / Relationship between the oral condition of hospitalized pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes

Objetivo: avaliar se a condição bucal favoreceu a presença de desfechos adversos da gestação (DAG) em mulheres internadas e acompanhadas em um hospital escola. Métodos: um estudo de coorte retrospectiva com mulheres grávidas que foram internadas entre setembro de 2019 e início de março de 2020 e que continuaram o acompanhamento obstétrico. Resultados: Das 65 gestantes que seguiram acompanhamento, 27 (41,5%) dos bebês nasceram pré-termo e 20 (30,8%) com baixo peso, sendo que as duas condições estavam presentes em 15 crianças (23,1%), sendo significantemente relacionadas com a menor semana gestacional na internação. Ao relacionar diferentes fatores com o desfecho pré-termo, houve diferença significante em gestantes com a ocupação "do lar" e com o tempo de internação igual ou maior que 10 dias e com a presença de baixo peso ao nascer. Não foi observada relação dos dados avaliados da condição bucal das gestantes na internação com o parto pré-termo. Conclusões: Gestantes que necessitam de internação hospitalar durante a gravidez, independente da condição bucal, aumentam a possibilidade de apresentarem DAG, sendo fundamental a realização do correto acompanhamento pré-natal.(AU)

Objective: to assess whether the oral condition favored the presence of adverse effects during pregnancy in pregnant women hospitalized and followed up at a teaching hospital. Methods: a retrospective cohort study with mothers who were hospitalized during pregnancy between September 2019 and early March 2020 and who continued obstetric follow-up. Results: 83 pregnant women were interviewed and 65 were followed up Of the 65 pregnant women who followed up, 27 (41.5%) of the babies were born preterm and 20 (30.8%) with low birth weight, and both conditions were present in 15 children (23.1%), being significantly related to the shortest gestational week at admission. When relating different factors with the preterm outcome, there was a significant difference in pregnant women with the occupation "housewife" and with the length of hospital stay equal to or greater than 10 days and with the presence of low birth weight. There was no relationship between the evaluated data on the oral condition of pregnant women during hospitalization and preterm delivery. Conclusions: Pregnant women who require hospitalization during pregnancy, regardless of oral condition, increase the possibility of having negative pregnancy outcomes, and correct prenatal care is essential. (AU)

A internação da gestante pode afetar a condição bucal do filho no terceiro ano de vida? / Can a pregnant woman's hospitalization affect the child's oral condition in the third year of life?

Objetivo: Avaliar se a hospitalização na gestação pode influenciar na condição bucal do filho no terceiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal com bebês de gestantes internadas e acompanhadas no setor da Obstetrícia de um Hospital Escola em Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Os dados referentes a hospitalização e ao parto foram coletados do prontuário hospitalar e no terceiro de vida do filho (a) de um questionário aplicado a mãe e do exame bucal da criança. Cada agravo bucal foi avaliado com critérios específicos, por uma examinadora calibrada e analisado no programa IBM SPSS Statistics com 5% de nível de significância. Resultados: Participaram 20 díades mãe-filho (a). Alterações da oclusão acometeram 95% das crianças, sendo a mordida aberta anterior (MAA) a principal. Ainda, 25% das crianças apresentaram opacidades demarcas e/ou hipoplasia do esmalte, sendo significativamente maior em filhos de mães mais jovens e 20% tinham cárie da primeira infância (CPI), estando relacionada à ausência de creme dental fluoretado e à qualidade da higiene bucal. Conclusão: O reflexo mais evidente da hospitalização na gestação na saúde bucal no terceiro ano de vida do filho (a) foi a oclusão alterada, especialmente a MAA.(AU)

Objective: To assess whether hospitalization during pregnancy can influence the child's oral condition in the third year of life. Methods: Longitudinal study with babies of pregnant women hospitalized and followed up in the Obstetrics sector of a Teaching Hospital in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Data referring to hospitalization and childbirth were collected from the hospital records and in the child's third of life through a questionnaire applied to the mother and the child's oral examination. Each oral condition was evaluated with specific criteria, by a calibrated examiner and analyzed in the IBM SPSS Statistics program with a 5% minimum significance level. Results: 20 mother-child participated. Occlusion alterations affected 95% of the children, with anterior open bite (AOB) being the main. Still, 25% of the children had opacities and/or enamel hypoplasia, which was significantly higher in children of younger mothers, and 20% had early childhood caries, which is related to the absence of fluoride toothpaste and the quality of oral hygiene. Conclusion: The clearest reflection of hospitalization during pregnancy on oral health in the third year of the child's life was altered occlusion, especially the AOB.(AU)

Narrativas de mulheres mães: vivências e ressignificações diante da prematuridade extrema / Narratives of women mothers: experiences and resignifications in the face of extreme prematurity / Narrativas de mujeres madres: vivencias y resignificaciones frente a la prematuridad extrema

OBJETIVO: A partir do nascimento pré-termo, a maternidade é convocada prematuramente, pois o tempo final da gestação não pode ser vivido e o que foi idealizado não se concretiza. Dessa forma, a mulher mãe precisa ressignificar seu papel e a própria maternidade, reestruturando seu sistema cuidador para dar conta da situação real que se apresenta. O nascimento prematuro insere muitas dificuldades para a mulher, influenciando em momentos estressantes e deflagrando sentimentos de frustação, culpa, ansiedade, tristeza, medo, entre outros. OBJETIVO: Compreender as dificuldades, emoções e sentimentos presentes durante o nascimento e hospitalização dos recém-nascidos pré-termos extremos e como a(s) maternidade(s) puderam ir se construindo nesse contexto. MÉTODO: Estudo qualitativo, com coleta de narrativas de mulheres que compartilharam suas experiências em um site especializado na internet. A análise foi realizada a partir da Análise de Conteúdo, utilizando como embasamento teórico a teoria do apego. RESULTADOS: As narrativas retratam uma alta expectativa em relação ao nascimento dos bebês, bem como a frustração e angústia geradas a partir da necessidade de uma separação brusca e literal. Ainda, os momentos foram marcados por uma rotina exaustiva e pelo medo do bebê vir a óbito, além da necessidade de aprenderem a reconhecer os sinais sutis dos bebês e construir modos de cuidados possíveis. As narrativas trabalhadas foram/são uma maneira que elas encontraram para relatar suas histórias e de ressignificar o vivido. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Destaca-se a importância de haver o reconhecimento das vivências maternas nesse contexto para que melhorias no acolhimento prestado e construção de políticas públicas sejam possíveis de serem realizadas.

OBJECTIVE: From preterm birth, motherhood is called prematurely, as the final period of pregnancy cannot be lived and what was idealized does not come true. Thus, the mother-woman needs to reformulate her role and her own motherhood, restructuring her care system to account for the real situation that is presented. Premature birth entails many difficulties for women, influencing stressful moments and triggering feelings of frustration, guilt, anxiety, sadness, and fear, among others. OBJECTIVE: Understand the difficulties, emotions, and feelings present during the birth and hospitalization of extreme preterm newborns and how motherhood could be built in this context. METHODS: Qualitative study, collecting narratives from women who shared their experiences on a specialized website on the internet. The analysis was carried out from the Content Analysis, using the attachment theory as the theoretical basis. RESULTS: The results point to a high expectation in relation to the birth of babies, as well as the frustration and anguish generated by the need for a sudden and literal separation. The moments were marked by an exhaustive routine and by the fear of the baby dying, in addition to the need to learn to recognize the subtle signs of the babies and build possible care modes. The narratives worked on were a way they found to report their stories and redefine what they had lived. CLOSING REMARKS: The importance of recognizing maternal experiences in this context is highlighted so that improvements in the reception provided and the construction of public policies are possible to be carried out.

OBJETIVO: Desde el parto prematuro, la maternidad es convocada prematuramente, ya que el período final del embarazo no se puede vivir y lo idealizado no se hace realidad. Por lo tanto, la madre necesita replantear su rol y maternidad, reestructurar su sistema de cuidado para dar cuenta de la situación real que se presenta. El parto prematuro conlleva muchas dificultades para la mujer, influyendo en momentos estresantes y desencadenando sentimientos de frustración, culpa, ansiedad, tristeza, miedo, entre otros. OBJETIVO: Comprender las dificultades, emociones y sentimientos presentes durante el parto y la hospitalización de recién nacidos prematuros extremos y cómo la(s) maternidad(es) podría(n) ser construida(s) en ese contexto. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo, con la recopilación de relatos de mujeres que compartieron sus experiencias en un sitio web especializado en internet. El análisis se realizó con base en el Análisis de Contenido, utilizando como base teórica la teoría del apego. RESULTADOS: Apuntaron a una alta expectativa en relación al nacimiento de bebés, así como a la frustración y angustia que genera la necesidad de una separación repentina y literal. Aún así, los momentos estuvieron marcados por una rutina exhaustiva y por el miedo a la muerte del bebé, además de la necesidad de aprender a reconocer los signos sutiles de los bebés y construir posibles modos de cuidado. Las narrativas trabajadas fueron/son una forma que apoyan para relatar sus historias y para resignificar la experiencia. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: Se resalta la importancia de reconocer las experiencias maternas en este contexto, para que se puedan llevar a cabo mejoras en la atención brindada y la construcción de políticas públicas.

The clinical value of lung ultrasound in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants and the clinical application value of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHODS: A total of 80 premature infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks or a birth weight of <1,500 g who were treated in our hospital from January to August 2021 were randomly divided into a bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (n=12) and a non-bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (n=62). The clinical data, lung ultrasound, and X-ray image characteristics of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Among the 74 preterm infants, 12 preterm infants were diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 62 preterm infants were determined not to have bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There were significant differences in sex, severe asphyxia, invasive mechanical ventilation, premature membrane ruptures, and intrauterine infection between the two groups (p<0.05). Lung ultrasound showed abnormal pleural lines and alveolar-interstitial syndrome in all 12 patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and vesicle inflatable signs in 3 patients. Before clinical diagnosis, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were 98.65, 100, 98.39, 92.31, and 100%, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of X-rays in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were 85.14, 75.00, 87.10, 52.94, and 94.74%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic efficiency of lung ultrasound for premature bronchopulmonary dysplasia is better than that of X-rays. The application of lung ultrasound can screen patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia early for timely intervention.

Growth phenotypes of very low birth weight infants for prediction of neonatal outcomes from a Brazilian cohort: comparison with INTERGROWTH

Abstract Objective: To assess the predictive value of selected growth phenotypes for neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants < 30 weeks and to compare them with INTERGROWTH-21st (IG21). Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) database for very low birth weight (VLBW) at 20 public tertiary-care university hospitals. Outcome: the composite neonatal morbidity and mortality (CNMM) consisted of in-hospital death, oxygen use at 36 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, and Bell stage 2 or 3 necrotizing enterocolitis. Selected growth phenotypes: small-for-gestational-age (SGA) defined as being < 3rd (SGA3) or 10th (SGA10) percentiles of BW, and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) as being > 97th percentile of BW. Stunting as being < 3rd percentile of the length and wasting as being < 3rd percentile of BMI. Single and multiple log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risks of CNMM, comparing them to IG21. Results: 4,072 infants were included. The adjusted relative risks of CNMM associated with selected growth phenotypes were (BNRN/IG21): 1.45 (0.92-2.31)/1.60 (1.27-2.02) for SGA; 0.90 (0.55-1.47)/1.05 (0.55-1.99) for LGA; 1.65 (1.08-2.51)/1.58 (1.28-1.96) for stunting; and 1.48 (1.02-2.17) for wasting. Agreement between the two references was variable. The growth phenotypes had good specificity (>95%) and positive predictive value (70-90%), with poor sensitivity and low negative predictive value. Conclusion: The BNRN phenotypes at birth differed markedly from the IG21 standard and showed poor accuracy in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes.

Short-term clinical outcomes of different courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm twins / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the short-term clinical outcomes of different courses of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) for preterm twins.Methods:From January 2017 to December 2021, preterm twins with gestational age (GA) 24-34 weeks admitted to the neonatal ward of our hospital and received ACS were retrospectively studied. The infants were assigned into single-course group, partial-course group and multiple-course group according to ACS courses. The short-term clinical outcomes were compared among the groups. SPSS software version 25.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 286 infants were enrolled in this study, including 128 in single-course group, 89 in partial-course group and 69 in multiple-course group. Compared with single-course group, the risks of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in both partial-course group ( OR=2.332, 95% CI 1.028-5.293, P=0.043) and multiple-course group ( OR=3.872, 95% CI 1.104-13.584, P=0.034) were higher. The birth length in multiple-course group ( β=-0.016, 95% CI -0.029 - -0.002, P=0.024) was lower than single-course group. Conclusions:The risks of neonatal RDS in preterm twins are higher in partial-course and multiple-course of ACS. A full course of ACS should be used to prevent neonatal RDS until further evidence of effectiveness is available.

Association between periconceptional supplementation of folic acid or multiple-micronutrients containing folic acid and preterm delivery in women / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the association between periconceptional supplementation of folic acid or multiple-micronutrients containing folic acid(MMFA) and risk of preterm delivery in women with natural conception, singleton pregnancy and vaginal delivery.@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was performed based on the prenatal health care system and hospital information system of Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing and the women who had their prenatal care in the hospital from January 2015 to December 2018 were included. The information of 16 332 women who conceived naturally, had a singleton pregnancy, and delivered vaginally was collected. Compliance scores were constructed based on the time of initiation and the frequency of taking nutritional supplements. The association between maternal periconceptional micronutrient supplementation, including pure folic acid (FA) pills or MMFA and the rate of preterm delivery was evaluated using Logistic regression models.@*RESULTS@#The preterm delivery rate (gestational week < 37 weeks) of the study population was 3.8%, and the mean (standard deviation) of gestational age was (38.98±1.37) weeks. A total of 6 174 (37.8%) women took FA during the periconceptional period, 8 646 (52.9%) women took MMFA, and 1 512 (9.3%) women did not take any nutritional supplements. The association between periconceptional supplementation of FA or MMFA and risk of preterm delivery in women was not statistically significant [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.01, 95%CI: 0.74-1.37]. The associations with preterm birth were not statistically significant in further analysis by the type of nutritional supplements, time of initiation, and the frequency of supplementation. In addition, the association between the compliance score of taking supplements and the rate of preterm delivery was not statistically significant, either.@*CONCLUSION@#This study did not find an association between the risk of preterm delivery and the use of FA or MMFA during the periconcep-tional period in women with natural conception, singleton pregnancy, and vaginal delivery. In the future, multicenter studies with large-scale prospective cohort or population-based randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the association between taking FA or MMFA during the periconceptional period and preterm delivery among women.

Embarazo triple espontáneo en una paciente con útero didelfo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Spontaneous triplet pregnancy in a patient with uterus didelphys: report of a case and review of the literature

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las anomalías müllerianas implican la desviación de la anatomía normal del aparato reproductor femenino debido a un desarrollo embriológico alterado. Padecer alguna de estas anomalías, en cualquier escenario de su amplio espectro, suele asociarse con infertilidad o desenlaces obstétricos adversos, como la pérdida gestacional temprana o el parto pretérmino. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 21 años, sin antecedentes patológicos relevantes, con dos embarazos finalizados: el primero por cesárea y el segundo por parto (la cesárea se indicó por la presentación podálica, a las 32 semanas). Acudió a un centro de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia (Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana) a la primera consulta prenatal a las 17 semanas y 4 días de embarazo, motivada por un cuadro clínico de cólico biliar, sin requerimiento de intervenciones. Se trataba de embarazo triple, monocorial, triamniótico, con diagnóstico de útero didelfo a las 17 semanas y 1 día, con ambos cuellos uterinos reportados en 38 mm. La gestación finalizó a las 28 semanas y 4 días con el nacimiento de tres niños, quienes luego de superar los retos de la prematurez, en la actualidad llevan una vida normal. CONCLUSIONES: Las anomalías müllerianas, en su amplio espectro de manifestación clínica, son una condición que se asocia con una mayor frecuencia de desenlaces adversos materno-perinatales que se incrementan cuando la anomalía se relaciona con un embarazo múltiple. En la bibliografía actual no abundan los reportes de casos que combinen ambas condiciones, ni con recomendaciones oficiales estandarizadas para la atención médica de las pacientes, sobre todo para el escenario de embarazo triple y útero didelfo.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Müllerian anomalies involve deviation from the normal anatomy of the female reproductive tract due to altered embryological development. Having any of these anomalies, in any of their broad spectrum, is often associated with infertility or adverse obstetric outcomes, such as early gestational loss or preterm delivery. CLINICAL CASE: 21-year-old female patient, with no relevant pathological history, with two pregnancies terminated: the first by cesarean section and the second by delivery (the cesarean section was indicated due to breech presentation, at 32 weeks). She attended a referral center in the city of Medellín, Colombia (Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana) for the first prenatal consultation at 17 weeks and 4 days of pregnancy, motivated by a clinical picture of biliary colic, without requiring interventions. The pregnancy was triple, monochorionic, triamniotic, with a diagnosis of didelphic uterus at 17 weeks and 1 day, with both cervix reported at 38 mm. The gestation was terminated at 28 weeks and 4 days with the birth of three infants, who after overcoming the challenges of prematurity, are now living normal lives. CONCLUSIONS: Mullerian anomalies, in their broad spectrum of clinical presentation, are a condition that is associated with an increased frequency of adverse maternal-perinatal outcomes that are increased when the anomaly is associated with multiple pregnancy. The current literature does not abound with case reports combining both conditions, nor with standardized official recommendations for patient care, especially in the setting of triple pregnancy and didelphic uterus.

Construction and validity of educational technology in audiovisual media on premature newborn care / Construcción y validación de tecnología educativa en medios audiovisuales sobre atención al recién nacido prematuro / Construção e validação de tecnologia educacional em mídia audiovisual sobre cuidados ao recém-nascido prematuro

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate an educational video storyboard about care for premature newborns at home. Methods: a methodological study, with the construction of an educational video storyboard, validated with 14 judges. Content was selected from scoping review. For data collection, a validated instrument was used. The criterion for validity was agreement greater than 80%, analyzed using the Content Validity Index. Results: the storyboard construction was guided by the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning theoretical framework. Construction and validity took place from May to December 2020. The storyboard's final version lasted 10 minutes, and was validated in terms of objective, structure, presentation and relevance, with a Content Validity Index of 0.9. Conclusions: the storyboard of the educational video proved to be valid and adequate for health promotion in developing care for premature newborns at home.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y validar un video storyboard educativo sobre el cuidado del recién nacido prematuro en el domicilio. Métodos: estudio metodológico, con la construcción de un storyboard de video educativo, validado con 14 jueces. El contenido fue seleccionado de la revisión del alcance. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un instrumento validado. El criterio de validación fue concordancia superior al 80%, analizado mediante el Índice de Validación de Contenido. Resultados: la construcción del storyboard fue guiada por el referencial teórico de la Teoría Cognitiva del Aprendizaje Multimedia. La construcción y validación se llevó a cabo de mayo a diciembre de 2020. La versión final del storyboard tiene una duración de 10 minutos y fue validada en cuanto a objetivos, estructura, presentación y relevancia, con un Índice de Validez de Contenido de 0,9. Conclusiones: el storyboard del video educativo se mostró válido y adecuado para la promoción de la salud en el desarrollo de la atención al recién nacido prematuro en el domicilio.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar storyboard de vídeo educativo acerca dos cuidados com recém-nascido prematuro no domicílio. Métodos: estudo metodológico, com construção de storyboard de vídeo educativo, validado com 14 juízes. Selecionou-se o conteúdo a partir de revisão de escopo. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se instrumento validado. O critério para validação foi concordância superior a 80%, analisada por meio do Índice de Validação de Conteúdo. Resultados: a construção do storyboard foi guiada pelo referencial teórico da Teoria Cognitiva da Aprendizagem Multimídia. A construção e a validação ocorreram nos meses de maio a dezembro de 2020. A versão final do storyboard contém duração de 10 minutos, e foi validada quanto aos objetivos, estrutura, apresentação e relevância, com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,9. Conclusões: o storyboard do vídeo educativo se mostrou válido e adequado para promoção da saúde no desenvolvimento de cuidados ao recém-nascido prematuro no domicílio.

Fatores obstétricos e neonatais associados ao nascimento prematuro: uma coorte de cinco anos / Obstetric and neonatal factors associated with preterm birth: a five-year cohort

O nascimento prematuro constitui um momento de vulnerabilidade ao recém-nascido, sendo necessário maior cuidado e atenção. Com isso o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar fatores obstétricos e neonatais, relacionados ao desfecho a termo e prematuridade, de recém-nascidos internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, documental e retrospectivo. As variáveis clínicas, epidemiológicas e assistenciais foram coletadas diretamente dos prontuários e sumários de alta dos neonatos, internados no período de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2020, analisadas com estatística descritiva e inferencial. Foram analisadas 494 internações de recém-nascidos. Cerca de 70% dessas foram de neonatos prematuros. Foi verificada relação entre nascimento prematuro e as características obstétricas: baixo número de consultas pré-natal (p<0,001), parto vaginal (p=0,04), intercorrências (p<0,001) e uso de antibióticos na gestação (p=0,02), ocorrência de bolsa rota (p<0,001) e corticoterapia antenatal (p<0,001). E, diferença estatística significativa entre a prematuridade e: sexo (p=0,01), gemelaridade (p<0,001). E, entre prematuridade e a necessidade de intervenções assistenciais: uso de surfactante (p<0,001), acesso venoso central (p<0,001), suporte ventilatório (p=0,01), fototerapia (p<0,001), transfusão sanguínea (p<0,001) e nutrição parenteral (p<0,001). Observou-se os diversos fatores associados ao nascimento prematuro, os quais devem ser monitorados a fim de prevenir desfechos negativos.

Premature birth constitutes a moment of vulnerability for the newborn, requiring greater care and attention. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze obstetric and neonatal factors, related to the outcome, of newborns admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit born at term and prematurely. This is a cohort, documentary and retrospective study. Clinical, epidemiological and care variables were collected directly from the medical records and discharge summaries of newborns, hospitalized from January 2016 to December 2020, analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. 494 newborn hospitalizations were analyzed. Around 70% of these were premature newborns. A relationship was found between premature birth and obstetric characteristics: low number of prenatal consultations (p<0.001), vaginal birth (p=0.04), complications (p<0.001) and use of antibiotics during pregnancy (p=0 .02), occurrence of ruptured membranes (p<0.001) and antenatal corticosteroid therapy (p<0.001). And, statistically significant difference between prematurity and: sex (p=0.01), twin birth (p<0.001). And, between prematurity and the need for assistance interventions: use of surfactante (p<0.001), central venous access (p<0.001), ventilatory support (p=0.01), phototherapy (p<0.001), blood transfusion (p<0.001) and parenteral nutrition (p<0.001). The various factors associated with premature birth were observed, which must be monitored in order to prevent negative outcomes.

Casamiento infantil y salud perinatal en Ecuador, 2015-2020 / Child marriage and perinatal health in Ecuador, 2015-2020

RESUMEN Este estudio buscó estimar la prevalencia y distribución de nacidos vivos de madres menores de 18 años en Ecuador y la asociación entre indicadores perinatales y estado marital materno. A partir de los registros de nacidos vivos obtenidos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos de Ecuador para el período 2015-2020, se estimó la asociación conjunta entre grupos de edad (10-15, 16-17, 18-19 y 20-24 años) y la situación conyugal materna (casada, unión estable y soltera), con bajo peso al nacer, parto pretérmino e inadecuada atención prenatal. La prevalencia de partos de madres menores de 18 años fue del 9,3% y declinó en el periodo de estudio, drásticamente entre las mujeres casadas. La asociación entre estado marital y las variables explicativas dependió de la edad materna. Los resultados más favorables de salud observados entre las madres casadas de 20-24 años, en comparación con las madres solteras, se debilitan o desaparecen entre las menores de edad. Las madres en uniones de hecho experimentaron resultados intermedios entre las mujeres casadas y las solteras.

ABSTRACT This study sought to estimate the prevalence and distribution of newborns to mothers under age 18 in Ecuador and the association between perinatal indicators and maternal marital status. Newborn records obtained from Ecuador's Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) between 2015 and 2020 were used to assess the joint association between maternal age groups (10-15, 16-17, 18-19, and 20-24 years) and marital status (married, common-law, and single) with low birthweight, preterm birth, and inadequate prenatal care. The prevalence of newborns to mothers under age 18 was 9.3% overall, but declined over the study period, drastically among married mothers. The association between marital status and perinatal indicators depended on maternal age. The more favorable outcomes observed among married mothers aged 20-24 years (compared to their single counterparts) weaken or disappear among mothers under age 18. Mothers in stable unions exhibited outcomes in between those of married and single mothers.

Caracterización de la displasia broncopulmonar según dos definiciones en prematuros chilenos / Characterization of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in relation with two definitions in chilean preterm infants

Existen controversias en la definición de la displasia broncopulmonar, siendo las más utilizadas el requerimiento de O2 durante 28 días o a las 36 semanas de edad gestacional corregida (EGC). Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la incidencia y características clínicas de los prematuros nacidos antes de las 32 semanas (RNP≤ 32s) con requerimiento de O2 a los 28 días de vida (DBP28d) y a las 36 semanas de EGC (DBP36s) en una unidad neonatal de Santiago, Chile, entre los años 2012 y 2019. Es un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo con componente analítico. La población estudiada incluyó 535 RNP≤ 32s, vivos a las 36 semanas o dados de alta después de las 34 semanas de EGC. De los 242 prematuros DBP28d, 203 (83,88%) fueron DBP36s; 16 de los 242 (6%) requirió O2 durante menos de 28 días consecutivos, de los cuales 7, aún lo requerían a las 36 semanas. Los predictores de DBP36s fueron: sexo masculino (OR 2,42, IC del 95%: 1,24-4,69), peso al nacer (OR 1, IC del 95%: 0,99-1), edad gestacional (OR 0,75, IC del 95%: 0,57-0,97), APGAR a los 5 min, (OR 0,01, IC del 95%: 0,003-0,05), el requerimiento de presión positiva continua o cánula nasal de alto flujo (OR 1,1, IC del 95%: 1,04-1,17) y días de ventilación mecánica invasiva (OR 1,1,95% IC: 1-1,2). Conclusiones: No encontramos una diferencia significativa en la incidencia de DBP entre las definiciones de DBP28d y DBP36s; y la mayoría de los RNP< 32s con diagnóstico de DBP36s se pudieron identificar a los 28 días de vida.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in premature newborns. It is commonly defined as a need for supplemental O2 for 28 days or at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) (BPD36w). Our objective was to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of premature neonates born at less than 32 weeks (PNB< 32w) with O2 requirement at 28 days of life (DBP28d) and DBP36w in a neonatal unit of Santiago, Chile, between 2012 and 2019. This is a descriptive, retrospective study with an analytical component. The study population included 535 PNB< 32w, alive at 36 weeks or discharged after 34 PMA. Of the 242 premature BPD28d, 203 (83,88%) were BPD36w; 16 (6%) required O2 for less than 28 consecutive days, of which 7 still required it at 36 weeks. The predictors of BPD36w were: male (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.24-4.69), birth weight (OR 1, 95% CI: 0.99-1), gestational age (OR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.97), APGAR at 5 min, (OR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.003-0.05), continuous positive pressure or high-flow nasal cannula requirement (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.04-1.17) and days of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1-1.2). Conclusions: We did not find a significant difference in the incidence of BPD between the definitions of BPD28d and BPD36s; and the majority of PNB < 32w diagnosed with BPD36w can be identified at 28 days of life.

An enlarged fetal thymus may be the initial response to intrauterine inflammation in pregnant women at risk for preterm birth

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Fetal thymus involvement in prematurity has been studied, and this study aimed to evaluate its relationship with short cervix and amniotic fluid sludge in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 79 pregnant women (19+0 to 24+6 weeks) were included, and cervical length and the presence or absence of amniotic fluid sludge were evaluated. In the three-vessel view of the fetal thorax, the thymus was identified, and its perimeter and transverse diameter were measured and transformed to a zeta score based on gestational age. RESULTS: Data from 22 women with short cervix (<25 mm) and 57 patients with normal cervix (≥25 mm) were analyzed. The transverse diameter of the fetal thymus was significantly greater in the short cervix group compared to that of the normal cervix group (z-score 2.708 vs. −0.043, p=0.003). There were no significant differences in the perimeter (z-score −0.039 vs. −0.071, p=0.890) or the transverse diameter (z-score 1.297 vs. −0.004, p=0.091) of the fetal thymus associated with the presence (n=21) or absence of sludge (n=58). CONCLUSION: A short cervix is associated with an increased transverse diameter of the fetal thymus during the second trimester of gestation.

Comparative analysis of pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term at 6-9 years of age / Análise comparativa da função pulmonar em crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade nascidas pré-termo e a termo

Abstract Objective: To compare pulmonary function parameters and the prevalence of altered pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term, using the Global Lung Initiative reference values. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 6-9-year-old children submitted to measurement of airway resistance (Rint) and spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. The inclusion criteria were, among the preterm group: gestational age <37 weeks and birth weight <2000g; among the full-term group: schoolchildren born full-term with birth weight >2500g, recruited at two public schools in São Paulo, Brazil, matched by sex and age with the preterm group. As exclusion criteria, congenital malformations, cognitive deficit, and respiratory problems in the past 15 days were considered. Results: A total of 112 children were included in each group. Preterm children had gestational age of 30.8±2.8 weeks and birth weight of 1349±334g. Among them, 46.6% were boys, 46.4% presented respiratory distress syndrome, 19.6% bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 65.2% were submitted to mechanical ventilation in the neonatal unit. At study entry, both groups were similar in age and anthropometric parameters. Parameters of pulmonary function (Z scores) in preterm and full-term groups were: Rint (0.13±2.24 vs. -1.02±1.29; p<0.001); forced vital capacity (FVC) (-0.39±1.27 vs. -0.15±1.03; p=0.106), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/FVC (-0.23±1.22 vs. 0.14±1.11; p=0.003), FEV1 (-0.48±1.29 vs. -0.04±1.08; p=0.071), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75) (1.16±1.37 vs. 2.08±1.26; p=0.005), respectively. The prevalence values of altered airway resistance (16.1 vs. 1.8%; p<0.001) and spirometry (26.8 vs. 13.4%, p=0.012) were higher in preterm infants than in full-term ones. Conclusions: Preterm children had higher prevalence of altered pulmonary function, higher Z scores of airway resistance, and lower Z scores of FEV1/FVC and FEF25-75 compared with those born full-term.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar parâmetros de função pulmonar e a prevalência de função pulmonar alterada em crianças nascidas pré-termo e a termo, utilizando a referência Global Lung Function Initiative. Métodos: Estudo transversal com crianças de 6-9 anos submetidas à medida de resistência de vias aéreas (Rint) segundo o American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Como critérios de inclusão, entre o grupo pré-termo, estavam os nascidos com idade gestacional <37 semanas e peso <2000g; e entre o grupo termo, escolares de duas escolas públicas do município de São Paulo, nascidos a termo com peso >2500g, pareados por sexo e idade com o grupo pré-termo. Excluíram-se malformações congênitas, déficit cognitivo e problemas respiratórios havia menos de 15 dias. Resultados: Incluíram-se 112 crianças em cada grupo. Os prematuros (46,4% masculinos) apresentaram idade gestacional de 30,8±2,8 semanas e peso de 1349±334g. Entre eles, 46,4% tiveram síndrome de desconforto respiratório, 19,6% displasia broncopulmonar, e 65,2% receberam ventilação mecânica na unidade neonatal. À inclusão no estudo, os dois grupos apresentaram idade e dados antropométricos semelhantes. Os valores (escores Z) em nascidos pré-termo e a termo foram, respectivamente: Rint (0,13±2,24 vs. -1,02±1,29; p<0,001), capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (-0,39±1,27 vs. -0,15±1,03; p=0,106), volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1)/CVF (-0,23±1,22 vs. 0,14±1,11; p=0,003), VEF1 (-0,48±1,29 vs. -0,04±1,08; p=0,071) e fluxo expiratório forçado em 25-75% da capacidade vital (FEF25-75) (1,16±1,37 vs. 2,08±1,26; p=0,005). A prevalência de alterações na resistência de vias aéreas (16,1 vs. 1,8%, p<0,001) e na espirometria (26,8 vs. 13,4%, p=0,012) foi maior nos prematuros. Conclusões: As crianças nascidas pré-termo apresentaram maior prevalência de alteração pulmonar, maiores escores Z de resistência de vias aéreas e menores escores Z de VEF1/CVF e FEF25-75 quando comparadas às nascidas a termo.

Maternal and neonatal factors associated with hospital readmission of newborns of adolescent mothers / Factores maternos y neonatales asociados al reingreso hospitalario de recién nacidos de madres adolescentes / Fatores maternos e neonatais associados à reinternação hospitalar de recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the maternal and neonatal factors in newborns of adolescent mothers associated with hospital readmission in the neonatal period. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical study, with 489 newborns of adolescent mothers, born in 2019 and 2020 in a high-complexity public hospital in southern Brazil. Data were collected through a query and analyzed in the SPSS software using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. To control for confounding factors, the multivariate Poisson regression model was used. Results: The prevalence of hospital readmissions for newborns of adolescent mothers was 9.2%, mainly due to respiratory conditions, being the most prevalent the diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis, at 22.3%. Conclusion: Neonatal hospital readmission was associated with prematurity, 1st minute Apgar <7 and maternal origin.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores maternos y neonatales de recién nacidos de madres adolescentes asociados al reingreso hospitalario en el período neonatal. Método: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo transversal, retrospectivo y analítico con 489 recién nacidos de madres adolescentes, nacidos en 2019 y 2020 en un hospital público de alta complejidad, ubicado en el sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados por una query y analizados en el software SPSS utilizando pruebas chi-cuadrada o exactas de Fisher. Para controlar los factores de confusión, se utilizó el modelo de Regresión de Poisson multivariante. Resultados: La prevalencia de reingreso hospitalario de recién nacidos de madres adolescentes fue de 9,2%, principalmente por afecciones respiratorias, siendo el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis aguda el más prevalente, con 22,3%. Conclusión: El reingreso hospitalario neonatal se asoció con prematuridad, Apgar minuto 1 <7 y origen materno.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores maternos e neonatais de recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes associados à reinternação hospitalar no período neonatal. Método: Estudo quantitativo transversal, retrospectivo e analítico, com 489 recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes, nascidos em 2019 e 2020 em um hospital público de alta complexidade, localizado na região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma query e analisados no software SPSS utilizando os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Para controle de fatores confundidores, empregou-se o modelo multivariado de Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de reinternação hospitalar de recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes foi de 9,2%, principalmente por condições respiratórias, sendo o diagnóstico de bronquiolite aguda o mais prevalente, com 22,3%. Conclusão: A reinternação hospitalar neonatal esteve associada à prematuridade, ao Apgar 1º minuto <7 e à procedência da mãe.

Risk prediction of low birth weight infants in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of fertility behaviors with preterm birth and low birth weight， and to develop a nomogram model to predict the occurrence of low birth weight. MethodsBirth registration information in Shanghai from 2010 to 2020 was collected， and ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences in reproductive behavior factors and newborn health status across time. The odds ratio （OR） value and 95%CI were calculated by a multi-classification logistic regression model to determine the association between reproductive behavior factors and preterm birth or low birth weight infants. A nomogram model was established based on logistic model and the area under the ROC curve was used to assess the effect of the model. ResultsThis analysis included 2 089 384 live newborns. The incidence of full-term low birth weight， preterm normal weight and preterm low birth weight in Shanghai was 0.94%， 2.48% and 2.01%， respectively. From 2010 to 2020， 40.00% women had a history of abortion， the proportion of women who gave birth at age ≥40 years old increased from 1.05% to 2.24%， the proportion of fathers aged ≥40 years increased from 4.79% to 7.48%， and the proportion of women with postgraduate or above increased from 4.81% to 11.74%. The incidence of preterm low birth weight in Shanghai showed an increasing trend over time. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of preterm low birth weight was lower in female than in male infants （OR=0.97， 95%CI： 0.95‒0.98）， and the risk of full-term low birth weight was higher than in male infants （OR=1.85， 95%CI： 1.80‒1.90）. The risk of preterm birth and low birth weight was lower for couples of childbearing age with higher education. The risk of preterm low birth weight in newborns tended to increase with maternal age at childbirth >30 years， paternal age ≥40 years， and the number of abortions >2 times. Mother <25 or >35 years， father aged 30‒34 years， and the number of abortions >3 times were the risk factors of full-term low birth weight infants. ConclusionCouples of childbearing age who choose to have children at too high or too low age may increase the risk of preterm birth or low birth weight， so it is necessary to strengthen population awareness and promote age-appropriate childbirth. Multiple abortions are also associated with preterm birth and low birth weight， and it is advisable to popularize the scientific knowledge of contraception and birth control to reduce unnecessary abortions. The nomogram in the study can visualize the risk of full-term and low birth weight infant at different levels of factors， which can assist couples preparing for pregnancy in making decisions about the timing of childbirth and understanding the level of risk.

Association between oral health behavior during pregnancy and premature birth based on case-control study / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the relationship between maternal oral health behavior during pregnancy and premature birth. 【Methods】 A total of 248 preterm and 700 non-preterm pregnant women who delivered in Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Shaanxi Province from January to December 2022 were included in case group and control group, respectively. General demographic characteristics and oral health behavior during pregnancy were collected by questionnaires, and the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to assess the oral health related life quality of pregnant women. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between maternal oral health behavior during pregnancy and premature birth. 【Results】 During pregnancy, maternal frequent eating after brushing teeth (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.03-2.57), unused fluoride toothpaste (OR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.25-3.05), late visit to the doctor for oral discomfort (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.02-1.96), brushing teeth less than twice one day (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.13-2.78) or less than 3 minutes each time (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.09-2.11), and elevated OHIP-14 score (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.04-1.10) increased the risk of premature birth. 【Conclusion】 Poor oral health behavior during pregnancy may increase the risk of premature birth. Therefore, more efforts should be made to publicize oral health knowledge and guide pregnant women to establish good oral health habits so as to improve oral health and promote maternal and child health.

Effects of antenatal dexamethasone and postnatal pulmonary surfactant combined with respiratory support on lung fluid clearance in preterm rabbits / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of prenatal dexamethasone (DEX), postnatal pulmonary surfactant (PS) and respiratory support on the lung fluid clearance in premature rabbits at gestational age (GA) of 25-28 d (full term: 31 d) and their relationship with dynamic compliance of respiratory system (Cdyn), pulmonary morphology and other parameters.Methods:In our previous publications, premature rabbits were divided into four groups according to the intervention strategy: control group, PS-only group, DEX-only group and DEX+PS group in which data of several parameters including wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (W/D), Cdyn and volume density of alveoli (Vv) were retrieved and the lung tissue sections were scanned to recalculate the ratio of perivascular sheath to vascular sectional area (S/V) and lung injury scores-edema (LIS-E). W/D, LIS-E, S/V and Vv were adjusted for birth weight (BW) (divided by BW, represented as W/D/BW, LIS-E/BW, S/V/BW and Vv/BW) and mean Cdyn (Cdyn-m) was adopted. Based on the grouping of previous studies, the intervention groups in this study were divided as DEX group and non-DEX group, and PS group and non-PS group to analyze the influence of DEX and PS on the above parameters. Two independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, LSD test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 196 newborn rabbits receiving mechanical ventilation after birth were included in this study. (1) Effects of DEX: compared with the non-DEX group, the DEX group showed increased W/D/BW (489±69 vs 421±113, t=－2.09), LIS-E/BW (188±57 vs 138±55, t=－2.61) and Vv/BW (20.1±4.9 vs 14.2±4.7, t=－3.60), but decreased S/V (0.33±0.23 vs 0.51±0.25, t=2.23) and S/V/W/D (0.05±0.03 vs 0.07±0.04, t=2.22) at 25 d of gestation; at 26 d of gestation, W/D/BW (472±76 vs 303±44, t=－8.75), LIS-E/BW (189±63 vs 106±36, t=－5.23), Cdyn-m [(0.16±0.07) vs (0.05±0.03) ml/(kg?cmH 2O), 1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa; t=－7.29] and Vv/BW increased (22.4±5.0 vs 12.2±3.8, t=－7.46), while S/V (0.23±0.19 vs 0.62±0.38, t=4.10), S/V/BW (15.7±12.4 vs 25.7±17.3, t=2.20), S/V/W/D (0.03±0.03 vs 0.08±0.05, t=3.92) and propensity scores decreased [(12.5±1.2) vs (15.1±1.2) scores, t=7.00]; at 27 d of gestation, Cdyn-m increased [(0.23±0.12) vs (0.16±0.07) ml/(kg?cmH 2O), t=－2.43], but S/V (0.32±0.23 vs 0.57±0.39, t=2.57) and S/V/W/D decreased (0.05±0.04 vs 0.09±0.06, t=2.55); at 28 d of gestation, W/D/BW (270±64 vs 162±33, t=－8.09), LIS-E/BW (72±32 vs 35±20, t=－5.17), S/V (0.90±0.60 vs 0.59±0.48, t=－2.81), S/V/BW (34.0±23.6 vs 15.2±12.7, t=－3.77) and Vv/BW increased (16.9±4.3 vs 9.2±2.9, t=－8.04); the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). (2) Effects of PS: compared with the non-PS group, the PS group had decreased LIS-E/BW at 25, 26 and 27 d of gestation, increased Cdyn-m and Vv/BW at 25 and 27 d of gestation and higher propensity scores at 25 d of gestation (all P<0.05). (3) The correlation between gestational age and each index: gestational age was positively correlated with S/V ( r=0.31, P<0.05), but negatively correlated with W/D/BW and LIS-E/BW ( r=－0.73 and－0.63, both P<0.05). Conclusions:The pharmacological action of prenatal DEX on lung fluid clearance is mainly confined to preterm rabbits at the GA of 28 d which is supported by mechanical ventilation. Prenatal treatment with DEX and/or postnatal PS can improve the early respiratory function in preterm rabbits between GA of 25-27 d, but had no substantial impact on lung fluid clearance. The GA-related lung maturation appears to play a crucial role, in comparison with medications, in lung fluid clearance.